
La planificación o planeación estratégica es el proceso a través del cual se declara la visión y la misión de la empresa, se analiza la situación externa y externa de ésta, se establecen los objetivos generales, y se formulan las estrategias y planes estratégicos necesarios para alcanzar dichos objetivos.
La planeación estratégica se realiza a nivel de la organización, es decir, considera un enfoque global de la empresa, por lo que se basa en objetivos y estrategias generales, así como en planes estratégicos, que afectan una gran variedad de actividades, pero que parecen simples y genéricos.
Proceso de planeación estratégica
Debido a que la planeación estratégica toma en cuenta a la empresa en su totalidad, ésta debe ser realizada por la cúpula de la empresa y ser proyectada a largo plazo, teóricamente para un periodo de 5 a 10 años, aunque en la práctica, hoy en día se suele realizar para un periodo de 3 a un máximo de 5 años, esto debido a los cambios constantes que se dan el mercado.
Sobre la base de la planeación estratégica es que se elaboran los demás planes de la empresa, tantos los planes tácticos como los operativos, por lo que un plan estratégico no se puede considerar como la suma de éstos.
Como todo planeamiento, la planeación estratégica es móvil y flexible, cada cierto tiempo se debe analizar y hacer los cambios que fueran necesarios. Asimismo, es un proceso interactivo que involucra a todos los miembros de la empresa, los cuales deben estar comprometidos con ella y motivados en alcanzar los objetivos.
Veamos a continuación cuál es el proceso o los pasos necesarios para realizar una planeación estratégica:
1. Declaración de la visión
La visión es una declaración que indica hacia dónde se dirige la empresa en el largo plazo, o qué es aquello en lo que pretende convertirse.
La visión responde a la pregunta: “¿qué queremos ser?”.
2. Declaración de la misión y establecimiento de valores
La misión es una declaración duradera del objeto, propósito o razón de ser de la empresa.
La misión responde a la pregunta: “¿cuál es nuestra razón de ser?”.
Por otro lado, los valores son cualidades positivas que posee una empresa, tales como la búsqueda de la excelencia, el desarrollo de la comunidad, el desarrollo de los empleados, etc. Tanto la misión como los valores le dan identidad a la organización.
3. Análisis externo de la empresa
El análisis externo consiste en detectar y evaluar acontecimiento y tendencias que sucedan en el entorno de la empresa, con el fin de conocer la situación del entorno, y detectar oportunidades y amenazas.
Para el análisis externo se evalúan las fuerzas económicas, sociales, gubernamentales, tecnológicas; así como la competencia, los clientes y los proveedores de la empresa.
Se evalúan aspectos que ya existen, así como aspectos que podrían existir (tendencias).
4. Análisis interno de la empresa
El análisis interno consiste en el estudio de los diferentes aspectos o elementos que puedan existir dentro de una empresa, con el fin de conocer el estado o la capacidad con que ésta cuenta, y detectar sus fortalezas y debilidades.
Para el análisis interno se evalúan los recursos que posee una empresa, ya sean financieros, humanos, materiales, tecnológicos, etc.
5. Establecimiento de los objetivos generales
Los objetivos generales se refieren a los objetivos que definen el rumbo de la empresa, los cuales siempre son de largo plazo.
Una vez realizado los análisis externos e internos de la empresa, se procede a establecer los objetivos que permitan lograr la misión, y que permitan capitalizar las oportunidades externas y fortalezas internas, y superar las amenazas externas y debilidades internas.
Estos objetivos se establecen teniendo en cuenta los recursos o la capacidad de la empresa, así como la situación del entorno.
6. Diseño, evaluación y selección de estrategias
Una vez que se han establecido los objetivos generales de la empresa, se procede a diseñar, evaluar y seleccionar las estrategias que permitan alcanzar, de la mejor manera posible, dichos objetivos.
El proceso para diseñar, evaluar y seleccionar estrategias es el siguiente:
Se evalúa información sobre el análisis externo (la situación del entorno), se evalúa información sobre el análisis interno (los recursos y la capacidad de la empresa), se evalúa el enunciado de la misión y los valores, se evalúan los objetivos, y se evalúan las estrategias que se hayan utilizado anteriormente, hayan tenido o no buenos resultados.
Se diseña una serie manejable de estrategias factibles, teniendo en cuenta la información analizada en el punto anterior.
Se evalúan las estrategias propuestas, se determinan las ventajas, las desventajas, los costos y los beneficios de cada una.
Se seleccionan las estrategias a utilizar, y se clasifican por orden de su atractivo.
7. Diseño de planes estratégicos
Y, finalmente, una vez que hemos determinado las estrategias que vamos a utilizar, se procede a diseñar los planes estratégicos, que consisten en documentos en donde se especifica cómo es que se van a alcanzar los objetivos generales propuestos, es decir, cómo se van a implementar o ejecutar las estrategias formuladas.
En el plan estratégico se debe señalar:
Cuáles serán los objetivos específicos que permitan alcanzar los objetivos generales.
Cuáles serán las estrategias específicas o cursos de acción que se van a realizar, que permitan alcanzar los objetivos específicos.
Qué recursos se van a utilizar, y cómo es que se van a distribuir.
Quiénes serán los encargados o responsables de la implementación o ejecución de las estrategias.
Cuándo se implementarán o ejecutarán las estrategias, y en qué tiempo se obtendrán los resultados.
Cuánto será la inversión requerida para la implementación o ejecución de las estrategias.
Bibliografía consultada referente a la planeación estratégica:
Fred R. David, “Conceptos de Administración Estratégica”.
https://www.crecenegocios.com/la-planeacion-estrategica/
donde se hizo este articulo??
sapoooo… .l.
malparidos bobos maricones pero me sirvio mucho ese trabajo de la planeacion
MUY BUENA INFORMACION
Ñe, buscaba como…… pero… Naah, bien la información, me sirvió de mucho *-* SWAG.
el video se le va muy feo el sonido
gracias por la info…!!
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